Drugs

Examples

Analgesics

Opioids (especially meperidine [INN pethidine])

Anticholinergics

– Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline, doxepin)

– Antihistamines (eg, diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, hydroxyzine)

– Antimuscarinics (eg, scopolamine)

– Incontinence agents (eg, oxybutynin)

Anticonvulsants

– Carbamazepine

– Phenytoin

– Valproic acid

Sedative/hypnotics

– Benzodiazepines (eg, triazolam, lorazepam, flurazepam, temazepam)

– Barbiturates

Muscle relaxants

– Cyclobenzaprine

– Baclofen

Antipsychotics

– Typical antipsychotics (eg, chlorpromazine)

– Atypical antipsychotics (eg, olanzapine)

Substance toxicity

– Ethanol

Glucocorticoids

– Prednisone (in high doses)

Antiparkinson agents

– Pramipexole

– Ropinirole

– Amantadine

– Levodopa

Cardiac agents

Digoxin

Respiratory agents

Theophylline

Gastrointestinal agents

– Metoclopramide

– Loperamide

Herbal preparations

– Jimson weed

– St John’s wort

– Valerian

– Kava kava

This table should be used in context of each specific patient and one’s professional clinical judgment. In many clinical situations the drugs specified may be clinically appropriate and indicated.