Disturbances of homeostasis

– Glucose

– Sodium

– Calcium

– Osmolality

Drugs/drug withdrawal (selected agents)

– Antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline, bupropion, clozapine)

– Antibiotics (eg, penicillins, quinolones)

– Immunotherapeutics (eg, cyclosporine, methotrexate)

– Benzodiazepines/barbiturates

– Alcohol, illicit drugs

Acute illness

– Renal failure

– Liver failure

– Hypertensive encephalopathy

– Sepsis

– Eclampsia

– Porphyria

Acute neurologic illness

– Inflammatory (eg, meningitis, encephalitis, abscess)

– Vascular

– Acute trauma