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Familial |
Cystinosisa, Wilson disease, hereditary fructose intolerance, tyrosinemia, galactosemia, Lowe disease, Dent disease |
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Dysproteinemias |
Multiple myeloma (LCDD)a, amyloidosis |
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Drugs |
Acetazolamidea, topiramate, NRTIs (tenofovira, adefovir, didanosine, lamivudine), chemotherapeutics (ifosfamide, platinum-based chemotherapy) |
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Heavy metals |
Leada, mercury, copper (Wilson disease) |
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Tubulointerstitial diseases |
Renal transplant, Balkan/Chinese herb nephropathy (aristolochic acid toxicity), medullary cystic kidney disease |
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Other |
Vitamin D deficiency |
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Familial causes are more prevalent among the pediatric population but can remain undiagnosed until later in life. | |
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a The more common etiologies. | |
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LCDD, light chain deposition disease; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. | |