Primary

– Massive intra-abdominal, retroperitoneal, or pelvic bleeding

– Liver transplant

– Mechanical intestinal obstruction

– Postoperative closure of abdomen under tension

Secondary

– Large-volume fluid replacement

– Pancreatitis

– Severe intra-abdominal infection

– Ascites

– Ileus

– Major burns

– Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis