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Stage A: At-risk for HF |
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– At risk for HF but with no current or previous symptoms or signs of HF and with no structural or functional heart disease or abnormal biomarkers – Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, exposure to cardiotoxic agents, genetic variant for cardiomyopathy, family history of cardiomyopathy |
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Stage B: Pre-HF |
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No current or previous symptoms or signs but with evidence of 1 of the following: – Structural heart disease – Evidence of increased filling pressures – Risk factors and increased natriuretic peptide levels or persistently elevated cardiac troponin levels in the absence of competing diagnoses |
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Stage C: Symptomatic HF |
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Current or previous symptoms or signs of HF |
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Stage D: Advanced HF |
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Marked symptoms of HF that interfere with daily life, with recurrent hospitalizations despite attempts to optimize GDMT |
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Adapted from J Card Fail. 2022 May;28(5):e1-e167. |
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ACC, American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure. |