|
Aldosterone deficiency | |
|
Low renin levels |
– Systemic disorders: diabetic nephropathya, HIV, CIN – Drugs: NSAIDsa, calcineurin inhibitors |
|
Normal-to-high renin levels |
– Systemic disorders: primary adrenal insufficiency, severe critical illness – Drugs: ACEIs, ARBs, UFH, direct renin inhibitors, ketoconazole |
|
Aldosterone resistance | |
|
– Systemic disorders: sickle cell disease, SLE, obstructive uropathy – Drugs: potassium-sparing diureticsa (aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone, ENaC inhibitors such as amiloride and triamterene), antibiotics (trimethoprim, pentamidine), calcineurin inhibitors | |
|
a The most common causes. | |
|
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CIN, chronic interstitial nephritis; ENaC, epithelial sodium channel; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; UFH, unfractionated heparin. | |