D

Drugs: Excess (eg, anticholinergics, sedative-hypnotics, opioids, corticosteroids, dopaminergics) and withdrawal (eg, alcohol, nicotine, benzodiazepines, antidepressants)

E

Electrical: Seizure, postictal

L

Low oxygen: Myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, pulmonary embolus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

I

Infection: Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, cellulitis

R

Retention: Urine or stool

I

Intracranial: Trauma, subdural hematoma, tumor, malignancy, hemorrhage, stroke

U

Underhydration and undernutrition

M

Metabolic: Hyponatremia or hypernatremia, hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, uremia, liver failure, vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia

Plus

Pain