Systemic connective tissue disorders

Systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis

Adverse drug reactions (including drug-induced lupus)

Chlorpromazine, methyldopa, hydralazine, propylthiouracil, procainamide, isoniazid, minocycline, D-penicillamine, quinidine, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, acebutolol

Chronic liver diseases

Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, alcoholic liver disease

Chronic pulmonary diseases

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis, primary pulmonary hypertension

Infections

Tuberculosis, syphilis, chronic HCV/HBV infection, parasitic infestations

Malignancy

Lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, prostatic cancer

Hematologic disorders

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Healthy individuals

More common in female patients, in pregnancy, and in advanced age

Other

Diabetes, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, subacute endocarditis, following organ transplant