En la época anterior a la introducción de los antibióticos la vitamina D fue utilizada comúnmente en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis. Ya en 1848 se realizó un estudio en el que se evaluó el uso del aceite de hígado de tiburón (que es rico en vitamina D) y la exposición al sol como métodos de tratamiento de la tuberculosis.44 En el primer estudio contemporáneo, realizado en niños con tuberculosis en 1998, se demostró que en los enfermos que recibieron adicionalmente vitamina D (excepto rifampicina, isoniacida y estreptomicina), la mejoría clínica fue más rápida (véase tabla 1).45 Posteriormente, Nursyan y cols. confirmaron la influencia beneficiosa de añadir la vitamina D al tratamiento antituberculoso estándar: se evidenció una conversión del esputo más rápida en comparación con el grupo placebo.46 En el estudio SUCCINCT la suplementación con dosis altas de vitamina D, junto al tratamiento antituberculoso estándar, contribuyó a la mejoría radiológica y al aumento del peso corporal en enfermos con tuberculosis. Si bien, en este estudio no se consiguió demostrar diferencias en el tiempo de conversión del cultivo del esputo ni cambios en el índice TB-score (escala diseñada propiamente para la evaluación de la tuberculosis, que aborda varios parámetros clínicos).48
Por otro lado, existe otra serie de estudios en los que no se evidenciaron los beneficios de la suplementación con vitamina D en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis.20,49,50 Wejse y cols. no anotaron influencia positiva del uso de la vitamina D sobre el índice TB, el aumento de la masa corporal, en la conversión del esputo ni en la mortalidad.49 En el estudio de Martineu y cols. la suplementación con vitamina D no acortó la duración de conversión del esputo en toda la población examinada si bien esta negativización fue significativamente más rápida en enfermos con genotipo TT del polimorfismo TaqI del gen VDR.20 Al contrario de lo descrito en el estudio de Martineau y cols., Tukvadze y cols. no consiguieron confirmar la relación entre el alelo TT y la conversión más rápida del esputo en enfermos que recibieron vitamina D, si bien su estudio carecía de una potencia estadística suficiente para confirmar las eventuales diferencias. La explicación alternativa de los resultados negativos de los estudios de Martineau y cols. y de Wejse y cols. podría radicar en el uso de dosis demasiado bajas de vitamina D.47 En un metaanálisis que abordó 5 estudios20,45-47,49 se demostró que a pesar del aumento de la concentración de 25(OH)D, la suplementación con vitamina D no conllevó beneficios en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis.51
Conclusión: en la actualidad es difícil determinar si la suplementación con vitamina D aporta beneficios como intervención incluida en el tratamiento de personas con tuberculosis, visto que en los estudios se evaluaron diferentes puntos finales (conversión del esputo, aumento de la masa corporal, mejoría clínica) y modos de dosificación de la vitamina D distintos. Los beneficios clínicos de la suplementación con vitamina D pueden ser difíciles de demostrar porque hoy en día el tratamiento combinado, utilizado en personas con tuberculosis y sin resistencia a los fármacos, es muy eficaz.
Tabla 1. Revisión de los ensayos clínicos sobre el uso de la vitamina D en enfermos con tuberculosis | Autor | Población | Dosis de la vitamina D | Duración del estudio | Resultados |
---|---|---|---|---|
Morcos y cols.45 | 24 niños (1-13 años) | 1000 UI/d, sin placebo | 8 semanas | – mejoría clínica (radiografía + ecografía) – aumento de la masa corporal |
Nursyam y cols.46 | 67 enfermos (15-59 años) | 0,25 mg/d durante 6 semanas | 12 semanas | – conversión más rápida del cultivo de esputo – porcentaje mayor de enfermos con mejoría radiológica |
Salahuddin y cols.47 | 259 enfermos >16 años | 600 000 UI IM 1 x mes durante 2 meses | 12 semanas | – mejoría clínica y radiológica más rápida – aumento de la actividad inmunológica en personas con déficit de la vitamina D |
Hassanein y cols.48 | 60 adultos | Dosis única de 200 000 UI IM | 8 semanas | – conversión más rápida del cultivo de esputo
– evaluación de la mejoría clínica sobre la base de la escala de gravedad de síntomas de tuberculosis |
Martineau y cols.20 | 146 adultos | 2,5 mg tras la inclusión al estudio y al cabo de 14, 28 y 42 días | 56 días | – sin influencia en el tiempo de conversión del cultivo de esputo en toda la población examinada – conversión más rápida del cultivo de esputo en pacientes con genotipo TT del polimorfismo TaqI del gen VDR |
Wejse y cols.49 | 365 adultos | Dosis inicial de 100 000 UI, repetida a los 5 y 8 meses | 12 meses | – sin efecto clínico; sin influencia en la mortalidad |
Tukvadze y cols.50 | 199 enfermos >18 años | 50 000 UI 3 × semana, durante 8 semanas y, a continuación, 1 × semana, durante 8 semanas | 16 semanas | – sin mejoría en el tiempo de conversión del cultivo de esputo |
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