Restablecimiento de la anticoagulación después de las intervenciones programadas
- Si antes de una intervención programada se suspendió el tratamiento antiagregante o anticoagulante, se recomienda restablecerlo hasta 2‑3 días después del procedimiento, en función del riesgo de sangrado y el riesgo trombótico esperado [F/M].
- Es necesario informar a todos los enfermos que reciben antiagregantes o anticoagulantes sobre el riesgo elevado, en comparación con los enfermos que no reciben estos fármacos, de sangrados posteriores a la intervención [F/B].
Existen pocos datos relativos al momento óptimo para restablecer el tratamiento anticoagulante que fue discontinuado antes de una intervención endoscópica programada. En todos los casos, la decisión debe ser individual y basarse en el análisis de riesgo de sangrado después de la intervención, y de riesgo trombótico en un paciente determinado. Se debe tomar en cuenta que el efecto anticoagulante de los ACOD se mantiene entre 10 y 20 h, mientras que el efecto de la warfarina persiste varios días. Los datos del estudio PAUSE indican que el restablecimiento de ACOD a los 2‑3 días de la intervención de alto riesgo de sangrado se asocia a un bajo riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos.19 En un estudio italiano que evaluó el riesgo de sangrado y de trombosis en función de la adherencia a las guías anteriores de la BSG y la ESGE en personas tras la polipectomía, se observó la tendencia a una mayor prevalencia de sangrados inmediatos, si los ACOD no fueron discontinuados según las recomendaciones.24 La prolongación de la pausa no disminuyó el riesgo de sangrado durante la intervención. El restablecimiento de ACOD directamente después de la polipectomía, y no a las 24‑48 h de la intervención (como lo sugieren las guías), en los enfermos del grupo de alto riesgo aumentó el riesgo de sangrado tardío en casi 2 veces y no disminuyó el riesgo de trombosis, aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente relevantes.
Durante los procedimientos con riesgo de sangrado muy alto, p. ej. DES, puede ser razonable posponer el restablecimiento de los anticoagulantes, fuera de los plazos recomendados en las guías. Se ha demostrado que el riesgo de sangrado después de la DES no aumentó significativamente si la terapia anticoagulante se restableció ≥1 semana después de la intervención, mientras que el restablecimiento de la misma directamente después del procedimiento o dentro de la primera semana se asoció a un aumento importante de la frecuencia de sangrados.27
El algoritmo de manejo en el período perioperatorio en los pacientes anticoagulados, que toma en cuenta las guías de la ESG y la BSG, así como las guías de la ESC, se presenta en la figura 4.
Fig. 4. Modificaciones en el tratamiento anticoagulante en los pacientes sometidos a la endoscopia del tracto digestivo
Volver al artículo principal: Guías: endoscopia del tracto digestivo en los pacientes que reciben anticoagulantes
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