Recomendaciones generales
Se recomienda informar a los enfermos sometidos a tratamiento anticoagulante sobre el riesgo de sangrado en caso de continuarlo y sobre el riesgo de trombosis en caso de discontinuación [F/B].
Esta información es muy importante para los enfermos, puesto que, generalmente, los sangrados tras intervenciones endoscópicas pueden controlarse con métodos endoscópicos, pero las complicaciones tromboembólicas pueden causar discapacidad permanente o incluso muerte. Por esta razón, es importante que el enfermo reciba la información sobre la modificación de su terapia tanto en forma oral, como escrita, que incluya:
1) la fecha exacta de discontinuación de tratamiento antiagregante y/o anticoagulante (si se utilizan varios fármacos o existen indicaciones para la terapia puente, las instrucciones detalladas deben proporcionarse para cada uno de los fármacos por separado)
2) la fecha exacta de restablecimiento de la terapia
3) la información sobre la actuación en caso de complicaciones (entre otros, adónde debe acudir el enfermo en caso de sangrado, independientemente del momento del día), subrayando que el sangrado tardío puede aparecer incluso 2 semanas después de la intervención, a menudo tras restablecer el tratamiento anticoagulante.
Puede ser útil presentar esta información en forma gráfica.
Tabla 1. Estratificación del riesgo de sangrado relacionado con endoscopia, teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de lograr hemostasia endoscópica en caso de presentarse el sangrado |
---|
Bajo riesgo de sangrado |
Endoscopia diagnóstica ± biopsia: tracto digestivo alto o bajo, enteroscopia asistida por balón (1 o 2 balones) o en espiral, capsuloendoscopia |
Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) sin esfinterotomía |
Prótesis: del tracto gastrointestinal (esófago, intestino delgado o grueso), de las vías biliares o pancreáticas |
Ecoendoscopia sin biopsia o intervención quirúrgica |
Coagulación con argón plasma (APC) |
Marcado de lesiones en el tracto gastrointestinal (con clips, electrocoagulación, tatuaje) |
Alto riesgo de sangrado |
Eliminación endoscópica de las lesiones del tracto gastrointestinal: polipectomía, mucosectomía (EMR) o disección submucosa endoscópica (DSE) |
CPRE con esfinterotomía |
Ampulectomía |
Miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) |
Dilatación de estenosis del tracto gastrointestinal (con balón o bujíaa) |
Tratamiento de varices esofágicas (colocación de ligaduras, escleroterapia) |
Gastrostomía (GEP) o yeyunostomía (PEJ)a endoscópica percutánea |
EUS + biopsiaa y/o intervención quirúrgica (p. ej. cistogastro- o cistoduodenostomía) |
Ablación por radiofrecuencia de las lesiones esofágicas o gástricas |
a Dificultad para lograr la hemostasia endoscópica. A partir de las publicaciones 1‑3 de la bibliografía, modificado. |
Tabla 2. Riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas tras interrumpir el tratamiento anticoagulante | ||
---|---|---|
Indicación de tratamiento anticoagulante |
Riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas | |
Bajo |
Alto | |
Prótesis valvular cardíaca |
Prótesis biológica |
Prótesis mitral o aórtica mecánica |
Prótesis valvular mecánica + fibrilación auricular | ||
Fibrilación auricular |
Fibrilación auricular en un enfermo sin factores de riesgo alto (CHADS2 ≥4) |
Fibrilación auricular + estenosis mitral |
Fibrilación auricular en un enfermo con antecedentes de ACV/AIT en los últimos 3 meses | ||
Fibrilación auricular en un enfermo con antecedentes de ACV/AIT y ≥3 de las siguientes manifestaciones: – insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva – hipertensión arterial (>140/90 mm Hg o tratamiento antihipertensivo) – edad >75 años – diabetes mellitusa | ||
ETV |
>3 meses desde el episodio de ETV |
<3 meses desde el episodio de ETV |
Antecedentes de ETV durante un tratamiento anticoagulante adecuado y tratamiento con AVK con un INR objetivo de 3,5 | ||
a La descripción equivale a ≥5 ptos. en la escala CHADS2 (véase el texto). ACV — accidente cerebrovascular, AIT — accidente isquémico transitorio, AVK — antagonista de la vitamina K, ETV — enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, INR — índice internacional normalizado |
Volver al artículo principal: Guías: endoscopia del tracto digestivo en los pacientes que reciben anticoagulantes
Parte siguiente: Guías: endoscopia del tracto digestivo en los pacientes que reciben anticoagulantes. Manejo perioperatorio según el tipo de tratamiento
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