How to Cite This Chapter: Don-Wauchope A, Chetty VT, Ivica J, Kavsak P, Khan WI, Lafreniere M, Nouri K, Solnica B. Calcium. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.1269.3.7.150. Accessed December 05, 2025.
Last Reviewed: May 9, 2022
Last Updated: May 9, 2022
Chapter Information
McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine Editorial Offices
Editorial Office (Canada)
Authors: Andrew Don-Wauchope, Vasudhevan T. Chetty, Joško Ivica, Peter Kavsak, Waliul I. Khan, Matthew Lafreniere, Kazem Nouri
Editorial Office (Poland)
Authors: Bogdan Solnica
For a brief introduction and guide to abbreviations, see Laboratory Tests: General Remarks.
Analyte [material]
Calcium, total [S/P/U24h]
Calcium, ionized [P/VB/CB]
Reference range, target level, or decision threshold
Calcium, total: 2.25-2.75 mmol/L (9-11 mg/dL)
<5 mmol/24 h (200 mg/24 h)
Calcium, ionized: 1.0-1.3 mmol/L (4-5.2 mg/dL)
[mmol/L] × 4 = [mg/dL]
Interpretation of results
↑ Causes of hypercalcemia: see Hypercalcemia
↓ Causes of hypocalcemia: see Hypocalcemia
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