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McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine
  • Textbook

    Sections

    • Diseases
    • Noninvasive Diagnostic Tests
    • Procedures
    • Signs and Symptoms
    • Trauma and Injuries
    • Acute and Critical Medical Care
    • Abbreviations
    • CME
    • GRADE

    Chapters

      • ►Allergy and Immunology
        • Allergic Rhinitis
        • Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactic Shock
        • Angioedema
        • Food Hypersensitivity
        • Immunodeficiency Disorders
        • Serum Sickness
        • Urticaria
      • ►Cardiovascular Diseases
        • ►Anticoagulant Treatment
          • ►Anticoagulant Agents
            • Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
            • Factor Xa Inhibitors
            • Heparins
            • Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs)
          • Anticoagulant Treatment and Regional Anesthesia
          • Perioperative Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) Management
        • ►Automaticity and Conduction Disorders
          • Atrioventricular Blocks
          • Intraventricular Blocks
          • Sinus Node Dysfunction
        • Cardiac Arrest
        • ►Cardiac Arrhythmias
          • Sudden Cardiac Death
          • ►Supraventricular Arrhythmias
            • Supraventricular Premature Beats
            • ►Supraventricular Tachycardias
              • Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
              • Atrial Flutter (AFL)
              • Atrial Tachycardia (AT)
              • Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)
              • Manifest and Concealed Accessory Pathways
              • Sinus Tachyarrhythmias
          • ►Ventricular Arrhythmias
            • Brugada Syndrome
            • Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
            • Congenital Long-QT Syndrome (LQTS)
            • Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation (IVF)
            • Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia
            • Ventricular Arrhythmia Following Myocardial Infarction
            • Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
        • Cardiac Tamponade
        • ►Cardiomyopathies
          • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
          • Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
          • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
          • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
          • Unclassified Cardiomyopathies
        • ►Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
          • Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
          • Coarctation of the Aorta
          • Ebstein Anomaly
          • Eisenmenger Syndrome
          • Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
          • Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
          • Tetralogy of Fallot
          • Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)
          • ►Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
            • Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
            • Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
          • Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
        • ►Heart Failure (HF)
          • Acute Heart Failure (AHF)
          • Chronic Heart Failure
        • ►Hypertension
          • Essential Hypertension
          • Renal Parenchymal Hypertension
          • Renovascular Hypertension
        • Infective Endocarditis (IE)
        • ►Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
          • ►Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
            • Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA)
            • ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
          • ►Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Chronic Coronary Syndromes)
            • Microvascular Angina
            • Stable Angina Pectoris
            • Vasospastic Angina (Prinzmetal Variant Angina)
        • ►Lipid Disorders: General Considerations
          • Hypercholesterolemia
          • Hypertriglyceridemia
        • ►Lymphatic Vessel Diseases
          • Lymphangitis
          • Lymphedema
        • Myocarditis
        • Pericarditis
        • Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
        • ►Shock
          • Cardiogenic Shock
          • Hemorrhagic Shock
          • Hypovolemic Shock
          • Obstructive Shock
        • ►Valvular Heart Disease
          • ►Aortic Valve Disease
            • Aortic Regurgitation
            • Aortic Stenosis
            • Mixed Aortic Stenosis and Regurgitation
          • ►Mitral Valve Disease
            • Mitral Regurgitation
            • Mitral Stenosis
            • Mitral Valve Prolapse
            • Mixed Mitral Valve Disease
          • Multivalvular Disease
          • ►Tricuspid Valve Disease
            • Tricuspid Regurgitation
            • Tricuspid Stenosis
        • ►Vascular Diseases, Peripheral
          • ►Aortic Diseases
            • ►Aortic Aneurysms
              • Aortic Pseudoaneurysm
              • Contained Rupture of Aortic Aneurysm
            • ►Acute Aortic Syndrome
              • Aortic Dissection
              • Intramural Hematoma
              • Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
          • Carotid and Vertebral Artery Stenosis
          • ►Lower Limb Ischemia
            • Acute Lower Limb Ischemia
            • Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
          • ►Microcirculation Disorders
            • Erythromelalgia
            • Livedo Reticularis
            • Raynaud Phenomenon
          • Thromboangiitis Obliterans
          • ►Venous Diseases
            • Chronic Venous Insufficiency
            • Superficial Thrombophlebitis
            • Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
        • ►Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
          • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
          • Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
          • Venous Thromboembolism: Primary Prevention
      • ►Dermatology
        • Bullous Pemphigoid
        • Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
        • Fixed Drug Eruption
        • Pemphigus Vulgaris
        • Psoriasis
        • Pyoderma Gangrenosum
        • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
      • ►Electrolyte, Fluid, and Acid-Base Balance Disorders
        • ►Acid-Base Disorders
          • Metabolic Acidosis
          • Metabolic Alkalosis
          • Respiratory Acidosis
          • Respiratory Alkalosis
        • ►Electrolyte Disturbances
          • ►Calcium Disturbances
            • Hypercalcemia
            • Hypocalcemia
          • ►Magnesium Disturbances
            • Hypermagnesemia
            • Hypomagnesemia
          • ►Phosphate Disturbances
            • Hyperphosphatemia
            • Hypophosphatemia
          • ►Potassium Disturbances
            • Hyperkalemia
            • Hypokalemia
          • ►Sodium Disturbances
            • Hypernatremia
            • Hyponatremia
        • ►Fluid Disturbances
          • ►Dehydration
            • Isotonic Dehydration
            • Hypertonic Dehydration
            • Hypotonic Dehydration
          • ►Water Overload
            • Hypertonic Water Overload
            • Hypotonic Water Overload (Water Intoxication)
            • Isotonic Water Overload
      • ►Endocrinology
        • ►Adrenal Gland Diseases
          • Adrenocortical Carcinoma
          • Adrenal Incidentalomas
          • ►Adrenal Insufficiency
            • Acute Adrenal Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis)
            • Central Adrenal Insufficiency
            • Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)
          • Cushing Syndrome
          • Hypoaldosteronism
          • Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
          • Primary Aldosteronism
        • ►Glucose Metabolism Disorders
          • Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
          • ►Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, Acute
            • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
            • Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia
            • Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
            • Lactic Acidosis
          • ►Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic
            • Diabetic Foot Syndrome
            • Diabetic Kidney Disease
            • Diabetic Neuropathy
            • Diabetic Retinopathy
          • ►Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Patients
            • Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
            • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
          • Nondiabetic Hypoglycemia
        • ►Hypothalamus and Pituitary Diseases
          • Acromegaly
          • Cushing Disease
          • Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
          • Hyperprolactinemia
          • Hypopituitarism
          • Pituitary Incidentalomas
          • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
        • Metabolic Syndrome
        • ►Obesity
          • Obesity: General Considerations
          • Obesity: Lifestyle and Medical Treatment
          • ►Obesity: Surgical and Nonsurgical Weight Loss Procedures
            • Obesity: Postsurgical Complications
        • ►Parathyroid Gland Diseases
          • ►Hyperparathyroidism
            • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
            • Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
            • Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
          • Hypoparathyroidism
        • ►Thyroid Gland Diseases
          • Hypothyroidism
          • Goiter, Nontoxic Multinodular
          • Thyroid Cancer
          • ►Thyroiditis
            • Acute Thyroiditis
            • Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto Thyroiditis)
            • Chronic Thyroiditis, Other Types
            • Subacute Painful Thyroiditis (de Quervain Thyroiditis)
          • ►Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism
            • Graves Disease
            • Toxic Multinodular Goiter (TMG)
            • Toxic Thyroid Nodule
      • ►Gastroenterology
        • ►Bile Duct and Gallbladder Diseases
          • Acute Cholangitis
          • Acute Cholecystitis
          • Ampullary Carcinoma
          • Cholangiocarcinoma
          • Gallbladder Cancer
          • ►Gallstones
            • Choledocholithiasis
            • Cholelithiasis
          • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
          • Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
        • ►Gastrointestinal Diseases
          • ►Esophageal Diseases
            • Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
            • Esophageal Cancer
            • Esophageal Diverticula
            • ►Esophageal Motility Disorders
              • Achalasia
              • Esophageal Peristalsis Major Disorders: Distal Esophageal Spasm, Hypercontractile (Jackhammer) Esophagus
            • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
          • ►Gastric Diseases
            • Gastric Cancer
            • Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma
            • ►Gastritis and Gastropathy
              • Acute Hemorrhagic/Erosive and Stress-Related Gastropathy
              • Autoimmune Gastritis
              • Bile Reflux Gastropathy
              • Gastritis Due to Helicobacter pylori Infection
            • Gastroparesis
            • Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
            • Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
          • ►Intestinal Diseases
            • ►Anorectal Diseases
              • Anal Cancer
              • Anal Fissures
              • Anorectal Abscess and Fistula in Ano
              • Hemorrhoids
            • Celiac Disease
            • Colonic Diverticula
            • Colorectal Cancer
            • Colorectal Cancer Screening
            • ►Colorectal Polyps and Genetic Syndromes Associated With Colorectal Cancer
              • Adenomatous Polyps
              • ►Genetic Syndromes Associated With Colorectal Cancer
                • Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
                • Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
                • Lynch Syndrome
                • MUTYH-Associated Polyposis
                • Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
              • Hamartomatous Polyps
              • Inflammatory Polyps
              • Serrated Polyps
            • Gastrointestinal Bleeding
            • Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies
            • ►Gastrointestinal Infections
              • Acute Appendicitis
              • Acute Infectious Diarrhea: General Considerations
              • Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
              • Bacterial Food Poisoning
              • Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI)
              • Gastrointestinal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
              • Nosocomial Diarrhea
              • Traveler’s Diarrhea
            • ►Gastrointestinal Obstruction
              • Adynamic Ileus
              • Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction
            • ►Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
              • Crohn Disease
              • Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
            • ►Intestinal Ischemia
              • Acute Mesenteric (Small Bowel) Ischemia
              • Chronic Mesenteric (Small Bowel) Ischemia
              • Colonic Ischemia
            • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
            • Microscopic Colitis
            • Protein-Losing Enteropathy
            • Short Bowel Syndrome
            • Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
        • ►Liver Diseases
          • Acute Liver Failure (ALF)
          • Alcoholic Liver Disease
          • Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)
          • Cirrhosis
          • Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
          • ►Hepatic Cysts
            • Hepatic Cysts: General Considerations
            • Intrahepatic Biliary Cysts
            • Parasitic Hepatic Cysts
            • Polycystic Liver Disease
            • Posttraumatic Hepatic Cysts
            • Simple Hepatic Cysts
          • ►Hepatic Tumors
            • Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
            • Hemangioma
            • Hepatocellular Adenoma
            • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
            • Metastatic Cancers
          • ►Hepatic Vascular Diseases
            • Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Including Hepatic Vein Thrombosis)
            • Idiopathic Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension
            • Portal Vein Thrombosis (PVT)
          • ►Iron Overload
            • Hereditary Hemochromatosis
            • Secondary Iron Overload
          • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
          • Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
          • ►Viral Hepatitis
            • Acute Hepatitis A
            • Acute Hepatitis B
            • Acute Hepatitis C
            • Acute Hepatitis D
            • Acute Hepatitis E
            • Chronic Hepatitis B
            • Chronic Hepatitis C
          • Wilson Disease
        • ►Pancreatic Diseases
          • Acute Pancreatitis
          • Autoimmune Pancreatitis
          • Chronic Pancreatitis
          • ►Pancreatic Cancer
            • Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
          • Pancreatic Cysts and Pseudocysts
      • ►Geriatrics
        • Falls
        • Frailty
        • Polypharmacy and Deprescribing
      • ►Hematology
        • ►Anemia and Other Nonmalignant Blood Disorders
          • Anemia: General Considerations
          • Anemia of Chronic Disease
          • ►Aplastic Anemias
            • Aplastic Anemia
            • Pure Red Cell Aplasia
          • ►Hemolytic Anemias
            • Hemolytic Anemia: General Considerations
            • Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
            • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
            • Thalassemia
          • Iron Deficiency Anemia
          • ►Megaloblastic Anemias
            • Cobalamin Deficiency
            • Folate Deficiency
          • Sideroblastic Anemia
        • ►Bleeding Disorders
          • ►Acquired Coagulation Disorders
            • Acquired Hemophilia A
            • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
          • ►Acquired Thrombocytopenic Bleeding Disorders
            • Platelet Disorders: General Considerations
            • Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
          • ►Inherited Coagulation Disorders Associated with Bleeding
            • Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B
            • Von Willebrand Disease (vWD)
          • Thrombophilia (Hypercoagulable States)
          • Vascular Purpuras
        • ►Lymphoid Neoplasms
          • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
          • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
          • Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
          • Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)
          • Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease
          • Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
          • Plasma Cell Myeloma (PCM)
        • ►Myeloid Neoplasms
          • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
          • Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL) (and Other Causes of Hypereosinophilia)
          • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
          • Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)
          • Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)
          • Mastocytosis
          • Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs)
          • Polycythemia Vera (PV)
          • Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)
        • Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
        • ►Thrombotic Microangiopathies
          • Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
          • Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
        • ►Transfusion of Blood and Blood Products
          • Granulocyte Concentrate
          • Irradiation of Blood Products
          • ►Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products
            • Leukocyte-Reduced Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products
            • Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) Products
            • Washed Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC)
          • ►Plasma and Its Derivatives
            • Cryoprecipitate
            • Frozen Plasma (FP) and Solvent/Detergent (S/D) Plasma
            • Human Albumin
            • Nonspecific Immunoglobulins
            • ►Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCCs)
              • Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (aPCCs)
            • Rh0(D) Immunoglobulin (RhIG)
          • ►Platelet Concentrates
            • Leukocyte-Reduced Platelet Concentrate
            • Reconstituted Platelet Concentrate
            • Refractoriness to Platelet Transfusions
            • Washed Platelet Concentrate
          • Transfusion Reactions and Procedure
          • Whole Blood
      • ►Infectious Diseases
        • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
        • ►Antimicrobial Agents
          • Antibacterial Agents
          • Antifungal Agents
          • ►Antiparasitic Agents
            • Agents with Activity Against Ectoparasites
            • Anthelmintic Agents
            • Antiprotozoal Agents
          • Antiviral Agents
        • ►Bacterial Diseases
          • Brucellosis
          • Cholera
          • ►Clostridium spp Infections
            • Botulism
            • Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)
            • Tetanus
          • Enteric (Typhoid) Fever
          • Leprosy
          • Melioidosis
          • Nocardiosis
          • Scrub Typhus
          • ►Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
            • Gonorrhea
            • Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
            • Sexually Transmitted Chlamydial Infections Other Than Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
            • Syphilis
          • ►Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
            • Nonpurulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Erysipelas and Cellulitis
            • Purulent Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Furuncles, Carbuncles, and Cutaneous Abscesses
          • ►Spirochetal Infections
            • Leptospirosis
            • Lyme Borreliosis
          • ►Streptococcal Infections
            • Rheumatic Fever
            • Scarlet Fever
        • ►Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections
          • Encephalitis
          • ►Focal Infections of the Central Nervous System
            • Brain Abscess
            • Neurocysticercosis
            • Subdural Empyema
          • Meningitis
          • Myelitis
        • Febrile Neutropenia
        • ►Immunization, Vaccination, and Infection Prevention
          • ►Immunization and Selected Vaccinations in Adults
            • Immunization Prior to Travel to Endemic Areas
            • ►Vaccines: Bacterial Diseases
              • Vaccines: Cholera
              • Vaccines: Diphtheria and Tetanus
              • Vaccines: Enteric (Typhoid) Fever
              • Vaccines: Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal) Infections
              • Vaccines: Pertussis
              • Vaccines: Pneumococcal Infections
            • ►Vaccines: Viral Diseases
              • Vaccines: COVID-19
              • Vaccines: Hepatitis A
              • Vaccines: Hepatitis B
              • Vaccines: Human Papillomavirus
              • Vaccines: Japanese Encephalitis
              • Vaccines: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)
              • Vaccines: Poliomyelitis
              • Vaccines: Rabies
              • Vaccines: Seasonal Influenza
              • Vaccines: Tick-Borne Encephalitis
              • Vaccines: Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox and Shingles)
              • Vaccines: Yellow Fever
          • ►Infection Prevention Among Medical Staff
            • Nonspecific Methods of Infection Prevention Among Medical Staff
            • Occupational Exposures to Blood-Borne Viral Infections
          • Nonspecific Insect and Tick Bite Precautions
        • Intravascular Catheter–Related Infections
        • ►Mycoses
          • ►Superficial Mycoses
            • Dermatophytoses
            • Tinea Versicolor
            • Sporotrichosis
            • Superficial Candidiasis
          • ►Systemic Mycoses
            • Candidiasis
            • Cryptococcosis
            • Histoplasmosis
            • Mucormycosis
        • ►Parasitic Diseases
          • ►Ectoparasitic Infestations
            • Pediculosis
            • Scabies
          • ►Helminthiases
            • Alveolar Echinococcosis
            • Anisakiasis
            • Ascariasis
            • Cystic Echinococcosis
            • Cysticercosis
            • Enterobiasis
            • Filarial Infections
            • Hookworm Infections
            • Tapeworm Infections
            • Toxocariasis
            • Trichinellosis
            • Trichuriasis
          • ►Protozoal Diseases
            • Acanthamoeba Keratitis
            • Amebiasis
            • Balantidiasis
            • Blastocystosis
            • Giardiasis
            • Leishmaniasis
            • Malaria
            • Toxoplasmosis
            • Trichomoniasis
        • Sepsis and Septic Shock
        • ►Viral Diseases
          • Chikungunya Fever
          • Common Cold (Nonspecific Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract)
          • ►Coronavirus Infections
            • Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
            • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
          • Coxsackievirus Infections
          • ►Herpes Virus Infections
            • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections
            • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections
            • Herpes Zoster
            • Infectious Mononucleosis and Other Manifestations of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
            • Varicella
          • Human Adenovirus Infections
          • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
          • Influenza
          • Japanese Encephalitis
          • Measles
          • Molluscum Contagiosum
          • Mumps
          • Parvovirus B19–Related Diseases
          • Rabies
          • Rubella
          • Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE)
          • ►Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
            • Dengue
      • ►Nephrology
        • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
        • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
        • ►Glomerular Diseases
          • ►Congenital Glomerulopathies
            • Alport Syndrome
            • Fabry Disease
            • Thin Basement Membrane Disease
          • Nephrotic Syndrome
          • Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
          • ►Specific Pathologies
            • Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
            • IgA Nephropathy
            • Lupus Nephritis
            • Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
            • Membranous Nephropathy
            • Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
            • Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
            • Renal Amyloidosis
        • ►Kidney Cysts
          • Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
          • Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
          • Medullary Sponge Kidney
          • Simple Kidney Cyst
        • Kidney Transplant
        • Nephrolithiasis
        • Obstructive Nephropathy
        • ►Renal Replacement Therapy
          • Hemodialysis
          • Peritoneal Dialysis
        • ►Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
          • Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
          • Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease (ADTKD)
          • Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (CIN)
        • ►Tubulopathies
          • Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes
          • Cystinosis
          • Cystinuria
          • Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
          • Fanconi Syndrome
          • Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)
          • Renal Glycosuria
          • ►Renal Tubular Acidosis
            • Distal (Type 1) Renal Tubular Acidosis (dRTA)
            • Hyperkalemic (Type 4) Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
            • Proximal (Type 2) Renal Tubular Acidosis (pRTA)
        • ►Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
          • Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
          • Candiduria
          • Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
          • Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
          • Complications of Urinary Tract Infections
          • ►Cystitis
            • Nonbacterial Cystitis
            • Recurrent Cystitis in Women
            • Uncomplicated Cystitis
          • Genitourinary Tuberculosis
          • Uncomplicated Acute Pyelonephritis
          • Urethritis
          • Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
          • Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women
        • ►Urinary Tract Neoplasms
          • Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
          • Renal Cell Carcinoma
          • Urethral Cancer
          • Urinary Bladder Cancer
      • ►Neurology
        • Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
        • Parkinson Disease
        • ►Seizures, Epilepsy, Status Epilepticus
          • Acute Seizures
          • Seizures and Epilepsy
          • Status Epilepticus
        • Stroke
      • ►Oncology: Medical Complications of Treatment
        • Cutaneous Eruptions Caused by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors
        • Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Associated Immune-Related Adverse Events
        • Nausea and Vomiting in the Oncology Patient
        • Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
      • ►Palliative Care
        • Dyspnea in Palliative and End-of-Life Care
        • ►Last Days and Hours
          • Diagnosis of Death
        • Palliative Sedation: The Canadian Perspective
      • ►Pregnancy-Related Conditions
        • Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE)
        • Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM)
        • ►Pregnancy-Related Hypertension
          • Eclampsia
          • Preeclampsia
        • Pregnancy-Related Liver Disease
      • ►Psychiatry
        • Psychiatric Examination
        • Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medications: Extrapyramidal Symptoms, Catatonia, Serotonin Syndrome, and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
        • Anxiety and Related Disorders in Medical Settings
        • Approach to the Agitated Patient
        • Approach to the Difficult Patient
        • Bipolar Disorders
        • Cognitive Assessment in Medical Settings
        • Delirium
        • ►Dementia
          • Dementia: General Considerations
          • Dementia: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
        • Depressive Disorders
        • Eating Disorders
        • Insomnia
        • Medical Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill
        • Medical Practice and the Law
        • Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
        • Perinatal Use of Psychotropic Medications and Electroconvulsive Therapy
        • Physician Health and Wellness
        • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
        • Suicide Risk Assessment
      • ►Respirology
        • Asthma
        • Bronchiectasis
        • Bronchiolitis Obliterans
        • Bronchitis, Acute
        • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
        • Cystic Fibrosis
        • Diphtheria
        • ►Interstitial Lung Diseases
          • Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH)
          • Eosinophilic Lung Diseases
          • Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)
          • ►Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
            • Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
            • Selected Other Types of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
          • Rare Interstitial Lung Diseases
          • Sarcoidosis
        • ►Larynx Diseases
          • Epiglottitis
          • Laryngeal Cancer
          • Laryngitis
        • ►Mediastinal Diseases
          • Mediastinal Cysts and Tumors
          • Mediastinitis
          • Pneumomediastinum
        • ►Neoplasms of the Lung and Pleura
          • Lung Cancer
          • Pleural Mesothelioma
          • Pulmonary Metastases
        • Nicotine Addiction
        • ►Occupational Respiratory Diseases
          • Berylliosis
          • Pneumoconiosis
          • Work-Related Asthma
        • Pertussis
        • Pharyngitis (Tonsillitis)
        • ►Pleural Diseases
          • ►Pleural Effusion
            • Chylothorax
            • ►Exudative Pleural Effusion
              • Exudative Pleural Effusion Caused by Malignancy
              • Exudative Pleural Effusion in the Course of Bacterial Pneumonia
            • Hemothorax
            • Transudative Pleural Effusion
          • Pneumothorax
        • ►Pneumonia
          • Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
          • Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
          • ►Pneumonia Caused by Specific Etiologic Agents
            • Influenza Pneumonia
            • Pneumonia Caused by Aspergillus spp (Invasive Aspergillosis)
            • Pneumonia Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pneumocystosis)
            • Pneumonia Caused by Other Pathogens
        • Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)
        • ►Respiratory Failure
          • ►Acute Respiratory Failure
            • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
          • Chronic Respiratory Failure
        • Rhinosinusitis
        • ►Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
          • Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)
          • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
        • ►Tuberculosis (TB) and Other Mycobacterial Infections
          • Nontuberculous Mycobacterium Diseases
          • Tuberculosis: Active Disease
          • Tuberculosis: Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)
      • ►Rheumatology
        • Adult-Onset Still Disease (AOSD)
        • Algodystrophy (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)
        • Amyloidosis
        • Antiphospholipid Syndrome
        • Back Pain Syndromes
        • Bone and Joint Dysplasias
        • Bursitis: General Considerations
        • ►Crystal-Mediated Diseases
          • Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition (CPPD) Disease
          • Gout
        • Erythema Nodosum
        • Fibromyalgia
        • Infectious (Septic) Arthritis
        • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD), Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD), Overlap Syndromes
        • Osteoarthritis
        • Osteomalacia
        • Osteonecrosis
        • Osteoporosis
        • Paget Disease of Bone
        • Panniculitis
        • Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR)
        • Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
        • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
        • Sjögren Syndrome
        • ►Spondyloarthritides (SpAs)
          • Ankylosing Spondylitis
          • Enteropathic Arthritis
          • Psoriatic Arthritis
          • Reactive Arthritis
        • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
        • Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
        • ►Vasculitis Syndromes
          • Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Formerly Goodpasture Syndrome)
          • Behçet Disease
          • Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
          • Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Angiitis
          • Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
          • Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)
          • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
          • IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
          • Microscopic Polyangiitis
          • Polyarteritis Nodosa
          • Takayasu Arteritis
      • ►Toxicology and Addiction
        • Approach to the Poisoned Patient
        • Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
        • ►Alcohols
          • ►Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
            • Management of Acute Alcohol Withdrawal
          • Ethylene Glycol
          • Isopropyl Alcohol
          • Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)
        • Anticholinergic Syndrome (Anticholinergic Toxicity)
        • Benzodiazepines
        • Carbon Monoxide
        • Cholinergic Syndrome (Cholinergic Toxicity)
        • Digoxin and Other Cardiac Glycosides
        • Lithium Toxicity
        • ►Opioids
          • Acute Opioid Toxicity
          • Acute Opioid Withdrawal in the Emergency Department
          • Opioids and Opioid Use Disorder: General Considerations
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