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American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl 1):S1-S193.
Araszkiewicz A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Budzyński A, et al. 2019 Guidelines on the management of diabetic patients. A position of Diabetes Poland. Clinical Diabetology. 2019;8(1):1-95. doi: 10.5603/DK.2019.0001.
Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer CF Jr, Neuman A. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Apr 19;164(8):542-52. doi: 10.7326/M15-3016. Epub 2016 Mar 1. PubMed PMID: 26928912.
World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Published 2013. Accessed August 1, 2017.
Blumer I, Hadar E, Hadden DR, et al. Diabetes and pregnancy: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov;98(11):4227-49. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2465. PubMed PMID: 24194617.
In general terms, we distinguish between diabetes mellitus in pregnancy (usually preexisting or diagnosed in the first half of pregnancy) and gestational diabetes (usually developed and diagnosed in the second half of pregnancy).
Details of treatment are presented in respective chapters. Generally speaking, most oral drugs are not proven to be safe during pregnancy with the exception of metformin and glyburide. Women with type 1 diabetes mellitus require insulin, and most women with type 2 diabetes mellitus will need some insulin as well. For gestational diabetes, the majority of patients are controlled with diet. In terms of pharmacotherapy, insulin but also metformin or glyburide can be the first choice, depending on patient preferences and individual patient circumstances.
