Hyperkalemic (Type 4) Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

How to Cite This Chapter: Chaudhry S, Pyne L, Rabbat C, Zawadzki J, Drabczyk R. Hyperkalemic (Type 4) Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA). McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.14.5.3. Accessed October 08, 2024.
Last Updated: April 10, 2022
Last Reviewed: April 10, 2022
Chapter Information

Definition and EtiologyTop

Type 4 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is also referred to as hyperkalemic RTA. The hallmark of this disease is hypoaldosteronism manifested by mild-to-moderate hyperkalemia and a very mild hyperchloremic (non–anion gap) metabolic acidosis, usually resulting from aldosterone deficiency or tubular resistance to aldosterone.

The etiologies of type 4 RTA can be divided into aldosterone underproduction and aldosterone resistance. Selected etiologies of type 4 RTA: Table 1.

DiagnosisTop

Hyperkalemia and a mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis are the major manifestations of type 4 RTA. The diagnosis of type 4 RTA should be considered in any patient with these findings present persistently in the absence of other etiologies of hyperkalemia, such as chronic kidney disease or the use of potassium supplements.

Careful examination of the medical history and medication list should be carried out to ensure the patient is not taking any medications or does not have an undiagnosed disorder known to cause type 4 RTA.

Diagnostic Tests

Various etiologies can be differentiated by measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations. These tests should be performed following the administration of a loop diuretic or after assuming the upright position for 3 hours, which are known to increase renin and aldosterone release in healthy individuals.

Careful assessment of these values should be performed to elucidate the underlying etiology. Renin and aldosterone concentrations depending on etiology: Table 1.

A general approach to RTA based on results of urinary studies: Table 2.

TreatmentTop

Unlike in other RTAs, no bicarbonate replacement therapy is usually required, as acidosis is only mild.

Management of type 4 RTA depends on underlying disease, which should be treated if possible. Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism can be treated with fludrocortisone in doses significantly higher than those used for adrenal insufficiency. However, most of these patients have hypertension and edema, which can be exacerbated with mineralocorticoid replacement. In such cases a low-potassium diet combined with a loop diuretic or thiazide-type diuretic can be used to control hyperkalemia. Patients with primary adrenal insufficiency should receive glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement.

TablesTop

Table 11.9-3. Etiologies of type 4 renal tubular acidosis

Aldosterone deficiency

Low renin levels

– Systemic disorders: diabetic nephropathya, HIV, CIN

– Drugs: NSAIDsa, calcineurin inhibitors

Normal-to-high renin levels

– Systemic disorders: primary adrenal insufficiency, severe critical illness

– Drugs: ACEIs, ARBs, UFH, direct renin inhibitors, ketoconazole

Aldosterone resistance

– Systemic disorders: sickle cell disease, SLE, obstructive uropathy

– Drugs: potassium-sparing diureticsa (aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone, ENaC inhibitors such as amiloride and triamterene), antibiotics (trimethoprim, pentamidine), calcineurin inhibitors

a The most common causes.

ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CIN, chronic interstitial nephritis; ENaC, epithelial sodium channel; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; UFH, unfractionated heparin.

Table 11.9-4. Approaches to renal tubular acidosis

Feature

pRTA (type 2 RTA)

dRTA (type 1 RTA)

Type 4 RTA

Degree of acidosis

Moderate

Severe

Mild

Minimal urine pH (during acidosis)

<5.5

>5.5

<5.5

Fractional HCO3excretion (FEHCO3) with normal serum HCO3 (after NaHCO3 load)

>15%

 

<3%-5%

 

<3%-15%

 

Nephrocalcinosis

Rarely

Often

Never

dRTA, distal renal tubular acidosis; pRTA, proximal renal tubular acidosis; RTA, renal tubular acidosis.

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