Hypotonic Dehydration

Definition, Etiology, PathogenesisTop

Hypotonic dehydration is loss of water associated with decreased effective osmolality of body fluids.

Causes include loss of isotonic fluids via the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract that has been partially compensated by drinking hypotonic fluids (eg, unsweetened tea or plain water). This results in a shift of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) to the intracellular fluid (ICF), which leads to cellular edema (particularly affecting the central nervous system) and a further reduction of the extracellular compartment (worsening of hypovolemia).

Clinical FeaturesTop

Manifestations are a consequence of hypovolemia and, if present, of cerebral edema. Thirst is usually absent.

DiagnosisTop

Diagnosis is based on the presence of symptoms of dehydration, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, and on decreased serum osmolality.

TreatmentTop

The management is similar to hyponatremia with hypovolemia. The rate of correction of hyponatremia must be carefully controlled.