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A polyp is a mucosal growth above its normal mucosal surface protruding into the intestinal lumen. A neoplastic polyp is an enlargement of the intestinal epithelium with features of dysplasia. A pseudopolyp (inflammatory polyp) arises as a result of mucosal destruction, sparing its fragment (island) that protrudes towards the lumen. Some polyps and polyposis syndromes are genetically determined, however, the majority arise sporadically. Based on their shape, polyps are divided into pedunculated and sessile (with a broad base).
Polyps are classified and reported based on:
1) Histology: Hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps, serrated polyps (lesions), hamartomatous polyps, inflammatory polyps.
2) Presence and degree of dysplasia: Mild, moderate, or severe.
3) Macroscopic shape: Sessile (broad base) or pedunculated.
Other than polyps, submucosal lesions that cause bulging of the mucosa towards the lumen of the intestine may be a sign of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, hemangioma, lipoma, leiomyoma, lymphoma, neuroendocrine tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, fibroma, or endometriosis.
